ACADEMIC READING TEST 4		BOOK CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 ANSWER KEY
	READING PASSAGE 1 (LAND OF THE RISING SUM)
1	vii	21	YES
2	i	22	D
3	v	23	H
4	ii	24	C
5	viii	25	E
6	YES	26	B
7	NO
8	NOT GIVEN		READING PASSAGE 3 (Collecting Ant Specimens)
9	NO
10	B	27	TRUE
11	C	28	NOT GIVEN
12	A	29	TRUE
13	C	30	FALSE
		31	A
	READING PASSAGE 2 (Biological control of pests)	32	C
		33	B
14	B	34	D
15	A	35	A
16	D	36	D
17	D	37	heat
18	NOT GIVEN	38	leaf litter
19	YES	39	screen
20	NO	40	alcohol

 

TEST 4 READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.

Questions 1-5

Reading Passage 1 has six sections A-F.

Choose the correct heading for sections B-F from the list of heading below.

Write the correct number, i-ix, boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i           The influence of Monbusho

ii          Helping less successful students

iii         The success of compulsory education

iv         Research findings concerning achievements in maths

v          The typical format of a maths lesson

vi         Comparative expenditure on maths education

vii        Background to middle-year education in Japan

viii       The key to Japanese success in maths education

ix         The role of homework correction

Example                      Answer

Section A                     iv

1     Section B

2     Section C

3     Section D

4     Section E

5     Section F

Land of the rising sum

A     Japan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales. Large sample international comparisons of pupils’ attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was also a large proportion of ‘low’ attainders in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater. The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?

B          Lower secondary school in Japan cover three school years, from the seventh grade (age 13) to the ninth grade (age 15). Virtually all pupils at this stage attend state school: only 3 per cent are in the private sector. Schools are usually modern in design, set well back from the road and spacious inside. Classrooms are large and pupils sit at single desks in rows. Lessons last for a standardised 50 minutes and are always followed by a 10-minute break, which gives the pupils a chance to let off steam. Teachers begin with a formal address and mutual bowing and then concentrate on whole-class teaching.

Classes are large-usually about 40-and are unstreamed. Pupils stay in the same class for all lessons throughout the school and develop considerable class identity and loyalty. Pupils attend the school in their own neighbourhood, which in theory removes ranking by the school. In practice in Tokyo, because of the relative concentration of schools, there is some competition to get into the ‘better’ school in a particular area.

C          Traditional ways of teaching form the basis of the lesson and the remarkably quiet classes take their own notes of the points made and the examples demonstrated. Everyone has their own copy of the textbook supplied by the central education authority, Monbusho, as part of the concept of free compulsory education up to the age of 15. These textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumable inexpensive to produce, but well set out and logically developed. (One teacher was particularly keen to introduce colour and pictures into maths textbooks: he felt this would make them more accessible to pupils brought up in a cartoon culture.) Besides approving textbooks, Monbusho also decides the highly centralised national curriculum and how it is to be delivered.

D         Lessons all follow the same pattern. In the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the board, then the teacher’s comment, correct or elaborate as necessary. Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake so that these can be avoided in future. No one minds mistakes or is ignorant as long as you are prepared to learn from them.

After the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repletion and elaboration. Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbook are worked through first with the class, and then the class is set questions from the textbook to do individually. Only rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a maths class. The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders worksheets unnecessary. At this point, the teacher would circulate and make sure that all the pupils were coping well.

E          It is remarkable that large, mixed-ability classes could be kept together for maths throughout all their compulsory schooling from 6 to 15. Teachers say that they give individual help at the end of a lesson after school, setting extra work if necessary. In observed lessons, any struggles would be assisted by the teacher or quietly seek help from their neighbour. Carefully fostered class identity makes pupils keen to help each other anyway, it is in their interests since the class progresses together.

This scarcely seems adequate help to enable slow learners to keep up. However, the Japanese attitude towards education runs along the lines of if you work hard enough, you can do almost anything. Parents are kept closely informed of their children’s progress and will pay a part in helping their children to keep up with the class, sending them to ‘Juku’ (private evening tuition) if extra help is needed and encouraging them to work harder. It seems to work, at least for 95 per cent of the school population.

F          so what are the major contributing factors in the success of maths teaching? Clearly, attitudes are important. Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling, and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.

Other relevant points related to the supportive attitude of a class towards slower pupils, the lack of competition within a class, and the positive emphasis on learning for oneself and improving one’s own standard. And the view of repetitively boring lessons and learning the facts by heart, which is sometimes quoted in relation to Japanese classes, may be unfair and unjustified. No poor maths lessons were observed. They were mainly good and one or two were inspirational.

Questions 6-9

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, write

YES                 if the statement agrees with the claims of the write

NO, if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN    if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

6     There is a wider range of achievement amongst English Pupils studying maths than amongst their Japanese counterparts.

7     The percentage of the Gross National Product spent on education generally reflects the level of attainment in mathematics.

8      Private schools in japan are more modern and spacious than state-run lower secondary schools.

9       Teachers mark homework in Japanese schools.

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter, A B, C, or D.

Write the correct letter inboxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

 

10     Maths textbooks in Japanese schools are

A   cheap for pupils to buy.

B    well organised and adapted to the needs of the pupils.

C wrote to be used in conjunction with TV programmes.

D   not very popular with many Japanese teachers.

11       When a new maths topic is introduced,

A   students answer questions on the board.

B  students rely entirely on the textbook.

C  it is carefully and patiently explained to the students.

D it is usual for students to use extra workbooks.

12    How do schools deal with students who experience difficulties?

A  They are given appropriate supplementary tuition.

B   They are encouraged to copy from other pupils.

C   They are forced to explain their slow progress.

D  They are placed in a mixed-ability class.

13    Why do Japanese students tend to achieve relatively high rates of success in maths?

A  It is a compulsory subject in japan.

B   They are used to working without help from others.

C   Much effort is made and correct answers are emphasised.

D  There is a strong emphasis on repetitive learning.

 

THANKS FOR READING: LAND OF THE RISING SUM